Pollen is an annual natural phenomenon that, for many people, signifies more than just a spring feeling – for allergy sufferers, the first pollen count marks the beginning of a season of suffering. Watery eyes, a runny nose, sneezing attacks, or even asthmatic symptoms are typical symptoms triggered by the tiny pollen particles. In Germany, approximately 15 to 20 percent of the population suffers from pollen allergies, and the number is rising.
In this article, you'll learn everything you need to know about pollen counts, how they develop throughout the year, which plants are particularly allergenic, and what you can do specifically to combat hay fever. A pollen count calendar will help you take timely action.
What exactly is pollen?
The term pollen flight refers to the spread of flower pollen through the air. Many plants—especially trees, grasses, and herbs—release large amounts of pollen in spring and summer to reproduce. This pollen is harmless to most people, but in allergy sufferers, contact with mucous membranes triggers an overreaction of the immune system—a condition known as pollen allergy.
Why do allergy sufferers react to pollen?
The body of allergy sufferers classifies the proteins in the pollen as dangerous and activates a defense reaction. This releases the messenger substance histamine, which causes typical allergy symptoms such as sneezing, itching, or shortness of breath. This hypersensitivity reaction can worsen over time and, if left untreated, even lead to allergic asthma.
Pollen count throughout the year – When does which pollen fly?
Pollen often begins in January and can last until October , depending on the weather. A clear seasonal breakdown helps allergy sufferers better prepare for the allergy season.
Pollen calendar Germany – annual overview
| Month | trees | Grasses & Cereals | Herbs |
|---|---|---|---|
| January | hazel | – | – |
| February | Hazel, alder | – | – |
| March | Alder, poplar, willow | – | – |
| April | Birch, ash, beech | first grasses | – |
| May | Birch, oak, plane tree | Grasses, rye | Plantain, sorrel |
| June | Grasses, cereals | Grass peak season | Plantain, mugwort |
| July | Mugwort, nettle | Grasses | Mugwort, ragweed (beginning) |
| August | ambrosia | occasional grasses | ambrosia |
| September | – | – | Ambrosia, nettle |
| October | – | – | occasional ragweed |
Spring: The start of the pollen season
For many allergy sufferers, pollen season begins as early as late winter – hazel and alder pollen are the first to hit the air. Especially in mild winters, pollen can begin to fly as early as January. Birch pollen , which is considered particularly allergenic, follows in March at the latest. Birch is one of the main causes of hay fever in Central Europe.
Summer: peak season for grass pollen and grain
Summer is the worst time of year for many allergy sufferers. Starting in May, numerous grass and grain pollens , including rye pollen , are in the air, which can trigger severe allergic reactions. At the same time, many herbs, such as mugwort and plantain, begin to bloom.
During this period, pollen concentrations in the air are particularly high, especially in warm, dry weather. Those sensitive to grasses should limit their outdoor activities during this time or take specific protective measures.
Autumn: Ambrosia – a dangerous newcomer
Ragweed , also known as ragweed, originates from North America and is increasingly spreading in Germany. Its pollen is considered particularly aggressive and can trigger allergies even in the smallest amounts. The flowering period often begins in July and lasts until October.
Ragweed pollen is so highly sensitizing that even people who weren't previously allergic can develop symptoms. What's particularly problematic is that the plant grows in fields, roadsides, or construction sites—places where it's often overlooked.
How does the weather affect pollen count?
Weather conditions play a key role in pollen counts. Dry, warm, and windy weather produces particularly high levels of pollen in the air. Rain, on the other hand, can temporarily purify the air – but only if it rains for a long time and heavily. After a short shower, pollen concentrations often rise again due to resuspension of ground pollen.
Modern pollen count apps and weather services provide daily information on pollen levels so that allergy sufferers can better plan their activities.
Symptoms of a pollen allergy
Symptoms range from mild discomfort to severe allergic reactions:
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Itchy, watery or red eyes
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Frequent sneezing, runny or blocked nose
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Scratchy throat or dry cough
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Fatigue, concentration problems
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Shortness of breath during strenuous exercise or development of allergic asthma
Treatment options: What really helps with hay fever?
Many allergy sufferers turn to antihistamines , which are available over the counter at pharmacies. These medications relieve symptoms but do not address the cause.
In the long term, hyposensitization , in which the body is gradually accustomed to the allergen, can help. This therapy is particularly promising in young people and can significantly reduce or even completely eliminate the allergy.
Nasal rinses with salt water , air purifiers with pollen filters , and wearing sunglasses outdoors can also make everyday life more bearable.
Everyday tips for pollen allergy sufferers
Anyone living with a pollen allergy should take a few measures:
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Keep windows closed at night – pollen levels are usually lower in the morning
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Change bed linen more often , wash hair before sleeping
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Use pollen filters in the car
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Do not dry laundry outdoors
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Change clothes after the walk
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Plan your holiday in low-pollen regions (e.g. coast or high mountains)
Conclusion: With knowledge and preparation through the pollen season
Pollen allergies affect millions of people and can significantly limit their quality of life – but they don't have to. With a solid understanding of pollen counts, an up-to-date pollen calendar, and effective protective measures, allergy season can be significantly better managed. Even though climate change is affecting and prolonging the pollen season, those affected can still lead an active life with the right strategy.
FAQ – Frequently asked questions about pollen
When is pollen count at its highest?
The highest levels of pollution usually occur in spring and early summer, especially in dry, windy weather.
Which pollen most commonly triggers allergies?
Birch, grasses, mugwort and ragweed are among the strongest allergens in Central Europe.
Are there regional differences in pollen count?
Yes, especially in the mountains or on the coast, the pollution is usually lower. In large cities, the pollution can be higher depending on the air pollution.
Does a nasal douche really help with hay fever?
Yes, regular nasal rinsing can remove pollen from the nose and significantly relieve symptoms.
