Oral thrush and the oral microbiome: causes, symptoms, and treatment

Oral thrush is a common infection of the oral mucosa caused by the yeast Candida albicans . It particularly affects infants, the elderly, and those with weakened immune systems. But what role does the oral microbiome play in the development and treatment of oral thrush? In this article, you'll learn everything you need to know about the causes, symptoms, and treatment options for oral thrush, and the importance of a healthy oral microbiome.

What is oral thrush?

Oral thrush, also known as oral candidiasis, is a fungal infection caused by an overgrowth of Candida albicans . While this fungus naturally occurs in the mouth, an imbalance in the oral microbiome can lead to overgrowth and, consequently, symptoms.

Causes and risk factors

Several factors can lead to excessive growth of Candida albicans :

• Weakened immune system : People with HIV/AIDS, chemotherapy patients, or people with diabetes are at higher risk.

• Taking antibiotics : This can disrupt the balance of bacteria in the mouth and promote the growth of yeast.

• Diet rich in sugar : Sugar promotes the growth of Candida albicans .

• Dry mouth : A lack of saliva can affect the oral microbiome and weaken the natural defense against fungal infections.

• Poor oral hygiene : Inadequate oral care can increase the risk of infection.

• Dentures : Poorly fitting or not regularly cleaned dentures can be a breeding ground for Candida .

Symptoms of oral thrush

The symptoms of oral thrush can vary but often include:

• White, creamy coatings on the tongue, inner cheeks, palate and throat

• Burning or pain in the mouth

• Difficulty swallowing, especially in cases of severe infestation

• An unpleasant taste in the mouth or loss of taste

• Redness and irritation, especially under dentures

The oral microbiome and its role

The oral flora consists of a variety of bacteria, viruses, fungi, and other microorganisms that together form a stable ecosystem. A healthy microbiome prevents the overgrowth of pathogens such as Candida albicans . The following factors influence the oral microbiome:

• Nutrition : A diet rich in fiber and low in sugar supports a healthy bacterial flora.

• Oral hygiene : Regular brushing, flossing and antibacterial mouthwashes help maintain balance.

• Saliva production : Drinking enough fluids and chewing sugar-free gum promotes saliva production.

• Probiotics : Certain probiotics, such as Streptococcus salivarius , can help inhibit the proliferation of Candida .

Treatment of oral thrush

The treatment of oral thrush depends on the severity of the infection:

1. Antifungal medications : These include nystatin, miconazole, or fluconazole, which are prescribed in the form of gels, mouthwashes, or tablets.

2. Improved oral hygiene : Thorough care can help fight the infection.

3. Low-sugar diet : Reducing sugar can curb the growth of yeast.

4. Strengthening the immune system : A healthy lifestyle with a balanced diet, sufficient sleep and stress reduction supports the immune system.

Conclusion

Oral thrush is an unpleasant but usually treatable fungal infection. A healthy oral microbiome plays a crucial role in preventing and controlling the infection. A healthy diet, good oral hygiene, and promoting the natural bacterial flora in the mouth can significantly reduce the risk of oral thrush.