Fungal infections – medically known as mycoses – are widespread but often underestimated. They can affect the skin, mucous membranes, nails, internal organs, and even the central nervous system. Some are harmless, others can be life-threatening – especially in cases with a weakened immune system.
In this article, you'll learn which fungal infections are particularly common in humans, how they develop, what symptoms are typical—and how they can be treated. A compact overview table also provides clear guidance.
What are mycoses?
Mycoses are infections caused by fungi. These are usually filamentous fungi (dermatophytes) , yeasts such as Candida , or molds such as Aspergillus . Many of these pathogens are part of our natural microbiome, but can become prevalent under certain conditions—for example, a weakened immune system, poor hygiene, or after taking antibiotics.
Fungal infections do not only occur externally (e.g. on skin and nails), but can also affect mucous membranes or internal organs – they are then referred to as superficial or systemic mycoses .
List: Overview of common fungal diseases in humans
| Name of the fungal disease | pathogen | Affected body region | Typical symptoms | Treatment |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Athlete's foot (tinea pedis) | Dermatophytes (especially Trichophyton) | spaces between the toes, sole of the foot | Itching, redness, scaling, oozing | Antifungals (creams, sprays) |
| Nail fungus (onychomycosis) | Dermatophytes, yeasts | Fingernails and toenails | Thickened, discolored, brittle nails | Coatings, tablets, lasers |
| Vaginal yeast infection (vaginal mycosis) | Candida albicans | Vaginal area | Itching, discharge, burning | Antifungal suppositories, creams |
| Oral thrush | Candida albicans | oral mucosa | White coating, burning, difficulty swallowing | Antifungal lozenges |
| Skin fungus (tinea corporis) | Dermatophytes | Body skin (especially arms, torso) | Reddish, ring-shaped, scaly skin patches | Topical antifungals |
| Diaper rash | Candida albicans | Buttocks area in babies | Redness, oozing, pustules | Antifungal ointments, air supply |
| intestinal fungus | Candida albicans | Intestine (especially after antibiotics) | Bloating, cravings, fatigue, skin problems | Dietary change, probiotics |
| Systemic candidiasis | Candida spp. | bloodstream, internal organs | Fever, sepsis symptoms, organ involvement | Intravenous antifungals |
| Aspergillosis | Aspergillus fumigatus | Lungs, sinuses, brain | Cough, shortness of breath, fever, severe course in immunodeficiency | Systemic antifungals |
| Cryptococcosis | Cryptococcus neoformans | Brain, lungs | Headaches, confusion, neurological deficits | High-dose antifungals |
How do fungal diseases occur?
Fungi are everywhere: on our skin, in the air, in food. Our immune system normally keeps them in check. But certain factors can tip the balance:
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Moisture and warmth (e.g. in sneakers or under tight clothing)
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Excessive hygiene or aggressive care products
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Antibiotics or cortisone (weaken the bacterial antagonist flora)
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A weakened immune system (e.g. due to stress, diabetes, cancer, HIV)
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Hormonal fluctuations (e.g. pregnancy, pill)
Yeast fungi such as Candida albicans are opportunistic pathogens : they take advantage of any weakness in the body to multiply rapidly – for example in the mouth, intestines or genital area.
How are fungal infections diagnosed and treated?
Superficial mycoses are usually recognized by typical skin changes. A laboratory examination (smear, microscopy, or culture) provides clarity.
Depending on the type of infection, treatment is either topical (external) with creams, varnishes, or solutions, or systemic (internal) with tablets or infusions. Probiotics can also be helpful, for example, in cases of intestinal fungus or after antibiotics.
Important: Stopping treatment too early can lead to relapses. The surrounding area (e.g., shoes, toothbrushes, bedding) should also be treated or disinfected.
Conclusion: Fungal infections are common – but treatable
Fungal infections in humans are widespread and often associated with unpleasant symptoms. Many forms are harmless but persistent; others can be life-threatening in severe cases.
However, with targeted diagnosis, consistent treatment, and, if necessary, strengthening the immune system, fungal infections can usually be effectively controlled. Those who seek early information and take early signs seriously can avoid unpleasant or chronic courses.
