The oral microbiome is a fascinating and complex ecosystem that is constantly changing throughout our lives. This community of trillions of microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi and protozoa, lives in our mouths and has a profound impact on our health. But how does this microbiome develop from birth to old age? In this article, we take a detailed look at the life stages of the oral microbiome and its impact on our health.
The Oral Microbiome in Early Childhood
At birth, the child's mouth is first colonized with microorganisms. The type of birth plays a decisive role:
- Natural birth: Children who are born vaginally receive their first microorganisms mainly from the mother. These strains are mainly lactobacilli and streptococci.
- Caesarean section: Here the microbiome is influenced by skin and environmental bacteria, which can lead to differences in composition.
In the first few months of life, the oral microbiome is relatively simple, dominated by lactic acid bacteria. When the first teeth appear, the composition changes significantly. Dental plaque creates new habitats for bacteria such as Streptococcus mutans , which can cause tooth decay.
The Oral Microbiome in Childhood
During childhood, the microbiome is further shaped by factors such as diet, oral hygiene and the environment. A diet rich in sugar, for example, promotes cariogenic bacteria. At the same time, the microbiome becomes more stable and complex. Saliva production also increases, which has a protective effect on oral health, as saliva can wash away and neutralize microorganisms.
Important changes:
- The change from milk teeth to permanent teeth leads to a new adaptation of the microbiome.
- Contact with peers (e.g. in daycare or school) leads to higher microbial diversity.
The Oral Microbiome in Puberty
Puberty brings hormonal changes that affect the oral microbiome. The increase in sex hormones such as estrogen and testosterone promotes the growth of certain bacteria linked to gum disease (gingivitis). Teens are also often more negligent in their oral hygiene, which increases the risk of tooth decay and gingivitis.
The Oral Microbiome in Adulthood
In adulthood, the oral microbiome usually stabilizes, with its composition depending heavily on lifestyle factors:
- Nutrition: A balanced, fiber-rich diet promotes healthy microbial diversity.
- Oral hygiene: Regular brushing and flossing can help prevent the growth of harmful bacteria.
- Smoking and alcohol: These factors can disrupt the balance of the microbiome and encourage harmful bacteria.
Diseases such as periodontitis occur more frequently when the balance of the microbiome is disturbed. This inflammation of the gums is caused by an overgrowth of pathogenic bacteria such as Porphyromonas gingivalis .
The Oral Microbiome in Old Age
As we age, the microbiome changes again. Saliva production often decreases, which makes the oral environment drier and can promote the proliferation of harmful bacteria. Factors such as tooth loss, dentures and chronic diseases also influence the microbial composition.
Challenges in old age:
- Dry mouth: Caused by medications or diseases such as diabetes.
- Increased risk of infections: Such as fungal infections caused by Candida albicans.
Why is the oral microbiome important?
The balance in the oral microbiome is essential for oral and general health. A disturbed microbiome can not only cause tooth decay and gum disease, but can also be linked to systemic diseases such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes and even Alzheimer's.
Tips for promoting a healthy oral microbiome
- Regular oral hygiene: brushing teeth twice a day and using dental floss.
- Low-sugar diet: Avoid excessive sugar consumption to reduce cariogenic bacteria.
- Hydration: Drink plenty of water to stimulate saliva production.
- Smoking cessation: Smoking significantly disrupts the balance of the microbiome.
- Regular dental visits: For prevention and early treatment of problems.
- Probiotics: Use probiotics that have been clinically tested for use in the mouth and thus have a positive effect on the oral microbiome.
Conclusion
The oral microbiome is a lifelong companion, the composition of which changes due to different phases of life and external factors such as diet and oral hygiene. A balanced microbiome is the key to good oral health and can also have positive effects on general health. By understanding the needs of our microbiome and acting accordingly, we can make an important contribution to our well-being.
