Allergies are on the rise worldwide and affect millions of people. Whether it is pollen, food or house dust - the causes of allergies are diverse and complex. But one aspect that is increasingly becoming the focus of research is the gut microbiome. Our intestines are home to trillions of microorganisms that play a crucial role in our health, especially the immune system. But how exactly does the gut microbiome influence the development and progression of allergies?
In this in-depth post, we explore the fascinating connection between allergies and the gut microbiome and how healthy gut flora could potentially help alleviate or even prevent allergic reactions.
What is the gut microbiome?
The gut microbiome is the totality of all microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi and other microbes that inhabit our gastrointestinal tract. These microbes live in a symbiotic relationship with us and fulfill numerous important functions:
- Digestion and nutrient absorption : They help in the digestion of food and the absorption of nutrients.
- Protection against pathogens : They prevent the growth of harmful microbes and strengthen the intestinal barrier.
- Regulation of the immune system : The microbiome plays a crucial role in the development and regulation of the immune system.
A healthy microbiome is characterized by a high diversity and balance of different microbial species. This balance is crucial for healthy immune function.
The connection between the gut microbiome and the immune system
Around 70% of the human immune system is located in the intestine. Here, intestinal microbes play a key role in the development and control of immune responses. The microbiome helps the immune system to distinguish between harmless substances and potential threats. This ability is essential to avoid overreactions such as those that occur in allergies.
Dysbiosis , an imbalance of the gut flora, is often associated with an overreaction of the immune system. When the microbiome becomes unbalanced, for example due to poor diet, antibiotics or stress, it can disrupt immune regulation and lead to increased susceptibility to allergic reactions.
How does the gut microbiome influence allergies?
- Early imprinting of the immune system : In the first years of life, the immune system is strongly shaped by the microbiome. A healthy microbiome in childhood promotes normal immune development and reduces the risk of allergic diseases. Studies show that children who have a diverse intestinal flora are less susceptible to allergies.
- Protection against overreactions : A balanced microbiome helps the immune system not to overreact to harmless environmental factors such as pollen or food. It produces anti-inflammatory substances and strengthens the barrier function of the intestinal mucosa, thereby reducing the penetration of allergens into the body.
- Influence on inflammatory processes : Certain bacterial strains in the intestine, such as Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium , have anti-inflammatory properties. They promote the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines and support the formation of regulatory T cells that can prevent an overreaction of the immune system.
- Link to atopic diseases : Allergies, asthma and eczema are among the so-called atopic diseases that are often associated with dysbiosis of the microbiome. Studies show that people with these diseases often have a less diverse microbiome, which could indicate impaired immune regulation.
Factors that influence the microbiome and allergies
Several factors can disrupt the balance of the microbiome and increase the risk of allergies:
- Antibiotic use : Antibiotics can kill both harmful and beneficial bacteria, which can significantly affect the microbiome. Children who receive antibiotics early and frequently are at increased risk of developing allergies.
- Diet : A diet low in fiber, high in sugar and processed foods, can reduce the diversity of gut microbes. Fiber promotes the health of the gut flora and supports the production of short-chain fatty acids, which have anti-inflammatory effects.
- Mode of delivery : Babies born by cesarean section do not come into contact with the mother's vaginal bacteria and often develop a less diverse microbiome, which may be associated with a higher risk of allergies.
- Environmental factors : A sterilized environment, excessive hygiene and little contact with nature can impair the natural colonization of the microbiome and increase the likelihood of the immune system developing overreactions.
How can probiotics help?
Probiotics are live microorganisms that can help restore microbiome balance and promote health. Numerous studies have examined the potential benefits of probiotics in preventing and treating allergies:
- Prevention of allergies in children : The use of probiotics during pregnancy and breastfeeding, as well as in the first months of life, can reduce the risk of developing allergies in children.
- Relief of allergic symptoms : Probiotics can help reduce the severity of allergy symptoms by promoting anti-inflammatory processes and strengthening the intestinal barrier.
- Improving skin health in eczema : In atopic dermatitis, a common allergic skin condition, probiotics have shown beneficial effects by reducing skin inflammation and relieving itching.
Practical tips for promoting a healthy microbiome
To keep the microbiome healthy and reduce the risk of allergies, the following measures can be helpful:
- A varied, fiber-rich diet : Foods such as fruits, vegetables, whole grains and fermented foods promote the diversity of intestinal microbes.
- Moderate use of antibiotics : Antibiotics should only be taken when necessary and as directed by a doctor in order not to unnecessarily damage the microbiome.
- Contact with nature : Regular outdoor activity and contact with various microbes from the environment can promote the natural colonization of the microbiome.
- Take probiotics and prebiotics : Probiotic supplements or probiotic foods can help strengthen the microbiome. In particular, probiotic products containing Lactobacillus paracasei strains can be very effective for allergies. Prebiotics, indigestible fiber, serve as food for the beneficial bacteria in the gut.
Conclusion: A healthy microbiome for allergy prevention
Research shows that the gut microbiome plays a central role in the development and regulation of allergies. A balanced and diverse microbiome can help strengthen the immune system, reduce inflammation, and mitigate allergic reactions. By consciously caring for the microbiome, whether through diet, probiotics, or lifestyle changes, we may be able to reduce the risk of allergies and promote overall well-being.
The connection between the gut microbiome and allergies opens up exciting new perspectives for the prevention and treatment of allergic diseases – a revolution that has only just begun.